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In Short

The Word ‘Cyber’ Now Means Everything

Cybersecurity

In early October, at the launch of Stanford鈥檚听, Secretary Hillary Clinton听, 鈥淲e need to get serious on cybersecurity.鈥

It鈥檚 hard to argue with the sentiment, but what does it actually mean? Is she suggesting that companies should invest in data breach insurance? That governments should build new weapons? That police should have better decryption tools? That tech companies should write safer code, especially for critical infrastructure? That international differences in internet governance must be resolved? That individual citizens should review their online behavior? Or all of the above?

The problem is in the word听cyber. At first, the word鈥檚flexibility was a good thing鈥攊t helped raise awareness and offered an accessible gateway to discussing all kinds of security. But it has now become an obstacle to articulating credible solutions.

The term听cyber听has been around for decades, stretching back to MIT mathematician Norbert听听coinage of听cybernetics听in the 1940s. Wiener borrowed the ancient Greek adjective 鈥榢ubern膿tik贸s鈥, meaning听governing,听piloting,听or skilled in steering, to describe then futuristic idea that one day we would have a self-regulating computing system, solely running on information feedback. In the 1980s, novelist听听married the prefix to听space, creating the term so ubiquitous today. Since then,听cyber听has been used by anarchists and policymakers, scholars and laymen,听听and spies. It has been attached to concepts ranging from听warfare听to听shopping, and it can denote opportunity as well as threat. 听听听听听

Yet,听cyber听is, in a way, empty: It acts like a sponge for meaning, soaking up whatever content is nearby. Gibson described this nicely in an interview with the听Paris Review: 鈥淭he first thing I did was to sit down with a听听and start scribbling鈥攊nfospace, dataspace. I think I got cyberspace on the third try, and I thought, oh, that’s a really weird word. I liked the way it felt in the mouth鈥擨 thought it sounded like it meant something while still being essentially hollow.鈥

The hollow aesthetic captured by Gibson鈥攖he peculiar position of being both intuitively meaningful and a self-consciously strange word鈥攊s part of the appeal of听cyber. The prefix is popular, and growing in use, not听despite听its hollowness, which is bemoaned by many, but听because of it.

Thomas Rid, in his book听, shows how various narratives have accompanied the prefix听cyber听since World War II, all of which cross boundaries between technology and society, between science and culture, and between the impetus created by war and security and more benign visions.

As Rid explains in the preface, the听cyber听idea is 鈥渟elf-adapting, ever expanding its scope and reach, unpredictable, yet threatening, yet seductive, full of promise and hope, and always escaping into the future.鈥 In short, it is a sponge鈥攂ut one that fails to clean up the conceptual problems of its terrain.

We can see this clearly in recent events. With new information seeping in on an almost daily basis about the Russian meddling in the 2016 elections, the cyber sponge has been absorbing everything related to disinformation campaigns, information warfare, social media bots, and election hacking.

Clinton鈥檚 talk demonstrates all of this. 鈥淚n the 21st听century, war will increasingly be fought in cyberspace. As Americans we need to approach this new threat with focus and resolve. Our security, physical or otherwise can鈥檛 be taken for granted,鈥 she said. She went on to discuss the various new 鈥渨eapons of choice鈥 coming from 鈥渢he highest bowels of the Kremlin鈥: email releases, probing voting systems, the industrialization of fake news, targeted use of Facebook ads, and more.

She isn鈥檛 wrong about these things, but speaking about them in this manner mashes them together with previous uses of the term in relation to militarized cyber operations, critical infrastructure attacks, DDoS attacks against Estonia and Georgia, and Stuxnet. In this case, the听cyber听label doesn鈥檛 improve our understanding of this influence. Instead, the generic term flattens the terrain by conflating the potential hacking of critical infrastructure systems and the buying of advertisements by foreign nations. This incorrectly implies similarities in response, suggesting that we can handle all of these things in a similar manner. But ensuring that the industrial control systems of a power plant will not be accessed by a malicious actor requires a very different set of actions than curbing the spread of fake news. Labeling both actions as听cyber听encourages the inappropriate transplant of policies and technologies across these issues.

Finally,听cyber听also masks significant political and organizational hurdles. Clinton speaks about 鈥渢he need for public and private cooperation,鈥 but this cooperation takes very different forms for critical infrastructure and social media, not to mention questions of state and commercial offensive actions鈥攜et all fall ostensibly under the rubric of cybersecurity.

We鈥檝e wrung all the utility we can out of the cybersecurity sponge. To address the 鈥渟erious and urgent challenges鈥 of our time, we need to acknowledge that they are indeed challenges plural鈥攏ot one single, monolithic domain.

This听听originally appeared in听,听a partnership of听,听麻豆果冻传媒, and听.

More 麻豆果冻传媒 the Authors

Max Smeets
Max Smeets
James Shires
The Word ‘Cyber’ Now Means Everything