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Targeted online advertising is a central component of today’s internet ecosystem—the dominant source of revenue for most major internet platforms. It is clear, however, that targeted advertising-based business models can foster discriminatory outcomes for protected groups in , , , and other consequential areas of life. Beyond discrimination, ad targeting has been found to amplify harmful content such as , voter suppression, and health misinformation, as well as encouraging privacy-intrusive practices. Because targeted advertising relies on collecting a vast amount of personal data, the practice is also commonly referred to as surveillance advertising.

In response, stakeholders from across the globe have put forth numerous proposals seeking to promote greater transparency and accountability around the online advertising ecosystem. These include for the , mandating independent audits of platform advertising algorithms, and altogether. Over the past two years, proposals seeking to ban targeted advertising have particularly gained steam.

Recent Legislative Efforts in the U.S.

In the United States, proposals to ban surveillance advertising take many forms. In March 2021, a coalition of civil society organizations released a calling for a ban on surveillance advertising practices. Organizers also the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to ban surveillance advertising, with many organizations adding supportive . Shortly after, in January 2022, Congresswoman Anna G. Eshoo (D-Calif.), Congresswoman Jan Schakowsky (D-Ill.), and Senator Cory Booker (D-N.J.) introduced the , which seeks to prohibit advertising networks and facilitators from using personal data to target advertisements in most cases and prevent advertisers from using data purchased from data brokers or pertaining to protected class information, such as race, gender, and religion, to target advertisements. In early March, President Biden lawmakers to increase child safety online, including by banning targeted advertising to children.

Recent Legislative Efforts in the EU

Across the pond, lawmakers in the European Union are exploring similar approaches while ironing out the details of the forthcoming . Thus far, the most prominent proposals have called for bans on advertisements that specifically children and targeted advertising that on sensitive data points, such as an individual’s sexuality and political orientation.

There is no doubt that the current structure of the online advertising space poses numerous risks to human and civil rights around the world. However, it is important to recognize that the online advertising ecosystem intersects with numerous industries and stakeholders—including news organizations and small businesses—who may rely on targeted advertising for revenue or to engage with customers and may have differing perspectives. Currently, the largest advertising platforms themselves are the greatest proponents of arguments that these entities would be strongly affected.

Unanswered Questions

Big technology platforms often anecdotes of how the targeted advertising industry has helped small businesses grow. In addition, industry to proposals to ban surveillance advertising note that they will businesses that turn a profit by reaching local or niche audiences. However, not all businesses have had uniform experiences with the online advertising ecosystem. While some businesses may have benefited from the use of targeted advertising, others have been misleading data, hidden costs, and opaque advertising interfaces and processes.

Researchers note the initial rise of targeted advertising significantly the news industry’s ability to sustain itself financially, particularly hurting small and local news outlets that were to compete with large technology companies for valuable online advertising dollars. Today, news organizations that still operate rely heavily on privacy-intrusive targeted advertising for revenue. As a result, many (primarily large) news organizations have against legislation seeking to ban surveillance advertising. It remains unclear whether these entities could adapt to another form of advertising, such as contextual advertising (which targets users only on content they are currently engaging with), and what impact such a transition would have on smaller and local news outlets.

Many grassroots and political campaigns rely on targeted advertising to engage with specific constituencies and build broad support for issues that may not receive significant attention. Critics of surveillance advertising bans in this context are particularly concerned that such a ban would make it more difficult for grassroots organizations and local political candidates to engage with constituencies of color and amplify their concerns. Existing proposals to ban surveillance advertising generally do not consider grassroots campaigning a viable exception to a ban and believe that contextual advertising is a sufficient alternative.

Lastly, many internet platforms argue that the targeted advertising business model allows them to offer their services cost-free, and that attempts to alter this business model could result in certain users being charged for the service. Industry representatives that such legislation could hamper Americans’ ability to engage in the digital economy and create additional financial burdens during an already unstable economic period. These concerns are amplified when considering the socioeconomic disparities that exist for users across the globe. However, many platforms are exploring alternate revenue generation models, including contextual advertising, subscriptions for extra content (e.g. on Instagram, on Twitter), and certain categories of users, such as government representatives, to use their services.

Looking Ahead

Targeted advertising is interlaced into the fabric of the internet ecosystem, impacting everything from the social media posts we see to the news we consume, the businesses we engage with, and more. The lack of transparency and accountability around ad targeting and delivery practices have resulted in numerous harms to freedom of expression, privacy, and civil and human rights, which must be addressed. However, as we explore how to tackle these important problems, we must ensure that we are engaging with and accounting for the broad range of stakeholders who rely on targeted advertising or are harmed by it, and that we have evidence for the policy claims we are using to guide our decision making and advocacy. The challenge of tackling surveillance advertising business models is likely one of the most prominent technology policy and digital economy issues of this decade, and it needs to be done in a thoughtful and informed way. Gathering some of this much-needed missing information is one way that OTI will contribute to this dialogue going forward.